The Bloodiest Day at War

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On September 17, 1862 in Antietam, Maryland, the bloodiest day of the war occurred. There were about 22,000 casualties from that one day. Neither the North nor South necessarily won because no land was acquired by the South. The Union should've won easily because their troops outnumbered the Confederates 2 to 1 and the general, George McClellan, had a copy of the South's battle plans. This battle gave Abraham Lincoln the perfect time to finally issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation stated that all slaves living only in the rebel states were free. The Emancipation Proclamation helped the North because now they had even more people willing to be fight with them and there was a "moral" reasoning behind all the fighting. This one-day battle at Antietam really showed how bloody this war was going to be. Thanks to Alexander Gardner, citizens were also being able to see the effects of the war through some of the many photographs he was able to take at the battle scenes; this was helpful even though they were only pictures which were usually black and white. Nowadays, we can see battle pictures on the television and internet in color and sometimes in motion.

Election of 1860

In the election of 1860, three candidates were running. Two Democratic Party representatives and one Republican Party representative. The republican representitive was Abraham Lincoln. Because there was a split of votes for the Democratic representatives, Abraham Lincoln won. He knew that either the United States would either ban slavery from the whole country, or allow it everywhere. The Southern states were very unhappy about the outcome of the election. The reactions were started by South Carolina when they suceeded from the Union on December 20, 1860. Georgians were split. The secessionists wanted to leave right away while the cooperationists did not. The final desicion ended up being that Georgia suceeded and joined the confederacy along with Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, and North Carolina. The president of the Confederacy was Jefferson Davis and the vice president was Alexander Stephens.

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/February/davis-stephens.jpg

Alexander Stephens was a cooperationist but knew that there was no way about getting around succession. The reason they hired a cooperationist and a secessionist was to keep order and balance so that everyone felt they were being represented. Davis and Stephens were close at first, but when Stephens became more focused on military efforts, their relationship weakened.

Dred Scott

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott

Dred Scott was a slave who for about three years lived in free states with slave owners, but he never made claims. Then, he and his slave masters were moved to the South. In 1843, the master died leaving Dred Scott with the master's wife. He tried to buy his freedom, but she refused. He then went to his next plan: suing for his freedom. He technically was allowed to sue for his freedom, because he had lived in free land. He tried for his freedom four times, and then decided to bring the case to the US Surpreme Court. The Surpreme Court stated that because Dred Scott was black, he actually did not have the right to sue. They also decided that the Missouri Compremise was unconstitutional, so all states were allowed to have slaves if the citizens voted for it. This increased tension especially with the Northern abolitionists.

Leading Events

Overtime there were many new political disputes causing the tension between the North and South. It started off with the Missouri Compromise. Since the North and South disagreed on the feelings of slavery, they needed a balance of free states and slave states to be fair. Missouri and Maine both wanted to join the union and they could because there were two of them. Missouri was entered as a slave state, and Maine was entered as a free state. Then, the Missouri Compromise line was drawn dividing free states and slave states.
http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/tucker/strusky_m/webquests/VUS6_madisonmonroe/MissouriCompromise.html
One of the next disputes was the tariff set on imported goods in 1812. This tariff was set on products from Great Britain such as tea, coffee, sugar, molasses, and other items. Southerners found this tariff to be unfair and believed the government was siding with the North. In response, John Calhoun from South Carolina declared that states should have the right to nullify federal laws. The government disagreed and tensions rose, but eventually, the taxes lowered. Today, states still can not override federal laws under any circumstances. Then, in 1850, California started to become popular because of the gold rush and also wanted to join the Union. The only problem was that if it did join, there would be more free states than slave states. At this time Texas had just won the war against Mexico and also wanted to join, but was in debt. The compromise was that if the USA paid Texas's debt, then Texas could join, but would have to split up into five states which turned into New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and Texas. The South was okay with this compromise because it allowed potential for four new states that could become slave states. Tensions were slowly starting to decrease when the Fugitive Slave Act, and Kansas-Nebraska Act came along. The Fugitive Slave Act meant that Northerners had to help slave catchers that were looking for runaway slaves in the North. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the law about having the line between the slave states and free states, which meant that slavery could be allowed in Nebraska and Kansas if citizens voted for it. These both made Northern abolitionists mad, while pleasing Southerners. Kansas soon became known as "Bleeding Kansas"and became a battleground between Northerners and Southerners. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2952.html

Slavery

Slaves had to live through many tough conditions from the day they were born till they died. They got their first task at age 10. In Georgia, most slaves either worked in either cotton or rice plantations or as house servants. House servants were usually treated better than the plantation slaves because house slaves went out in public, and owners did not want their slaves to look bad. Slaves also couldn't get legally married, so when they did, they could be separated from their spouse at auctions. Some owners preferred to keep slave couples together so they could have children which meant more slaves without a cost for owners. Slaves also had many rules to live by. They weren't allowed to learn how to read or write, they couldn't be employed, and if they ever wanted to go anywhere they needed to have a pass signed by their owner, kind of like at school. The consequences were inhumane, including death and public whipping. Some slaves became so angry that they went to the extreme measure. One lady even cut off her own fingers so she wouldn't have to work. Slaves longed for freedom and equality so many started escaping using the underground railroad. The underground railroad consisted of many "stations" which were homes where slaves could hide, rest, eat, and stay before leaving to go further north to the next station. Along the railroad were conductors who were people that helped the slaves get to freedom. One of the most famous conductors was Harriet Tubman who after freeing herself, returned nineteen times to free over 200 people including her whole family.

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